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City centre mall hydeeabad بلانات واجهات سكاشن ماتيريال لسيتي سنتر مول ف حيدراباد |
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نظام الحريق نظام الحريق |
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The difference between management contracting and constructi... management contracting management contracting is appropriate for large – scale projects requiring an early start on site. the design is undertaken on behalf of the employer and this procurement route is ideal where work needs to be started before the design on the project is completed. ıt therefore is of great a***istance where the period available up to completion is restricted. this procurement route is also suitable for projects where the design is sophisticated or innovative, requiring proprietary systems or components designed by specialists. the management contractor does not carry out any construction work, but manages the project on behalf of the client. ıt is a cost – reimbursable form of contract, with the management contractor being paid a fee. all the work is undertaken by subcontractors, referred to as works contractors, in distinct works packages, employed by the management contractor. a cost plan is produced at an early stage based upon estimates of the works packages, plus preliminaries and the management contractor ’ s fee. the employer appoints the architect or contract administrator, cdm co – ordinator, quant**y surveyor and any other consultant who may be required. there are two distincttime periods involved. during the first period, which is the preconstruction period, the management contractor should be appointed as early as possible to enable it to have an input into such matters as the design of the project, in particular the buildability aspect; health and safety matters; preparation of the budgets for works packages; and the programme. the fee to be paid to the management contractor is usually agreed at the outset of the preconstruction period. during the construction period the works packages are put together by the management contractor in conjunction with the employer ’ s professional team. the management contractor will be required to manage, organise and supervise the works contractors, to ensure that the work is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the contract and completed on time. the management contractor is paid the final cost of all the works packages plus any preliminaries and the fee. the fee is usually a lump sum, as paying the fee as a percentage of the total of the works package is not conducive to keeping the works package costs to a minimum. https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/71803962/gallery/dessign/legal/the%20difference%20between%20management%20contracting%20and%20construction%20management.jpg"> the most commonly used standard form of management contract is the jct management building contract. ıt is an important concept of this management contract that the consequences of any default on the part of any works contractor do not fall on the management contractor. the management contractor is required to ensure that the work is carried out without defects and on time. however, this requirement does not bite if the only reason for a breach of the obligation is a breach of the works contract by a works contractor. there is no such comfort offered to the management contractor by the engineering and construction contract (nec 3) option f management contract, which makes it clear that the management contractor is responsible for all work undertaken by the subcontractors. this type of procurement method is generally regarded as low financial risk from the management contractor ’ s point of view. the client, however, is at greater risk financially than would be the case with a traditional procurement route, where the contractor works for a pre – determined lump sum. employers can be caught out where the contract runs over a long period and unexpected inflation takes place, which results in the final cost of the project exceeding the cost plan. construction management construction management offers an alternative to management contracting and in like manner is suitable for large projects where an early start on site is required. the major difference between construction management and management contracting is that the construction manager acts solely as a manager and is not in contract with the trade contractors, who undertake all of the work. an additional difference between management contracting and construction management is that the construction manager is a first appointment and will be responsible for selecting the design team, even if they are in contract with the employer. the employer enters into separate trade contracts with each of the trade contractors who will be carrying out the work. the jct has produced a standard construction management appointment and a standard construction management trade contract for use on construction management projects. the construction manager acts as an agent on behalf of the employer and manages the trade contractors ’ work and also the design. ıt is usually advisable for the employer to select and appoint its own quant**y surveyor, who will act independently from the construction manager, to ensure that impartial cost advice is being provided. ın like manner to the management contract, the construction management contract is a cost – reimbursable contract, with the construction manager being paid a fee. the downside of this procurement route is that, if there is a serious dispute between the construction manager and a trade contractor which cannot be amicably resolved, any formal proceeding must be commenced by the employer against the trade contractor. ın like manner to management contracting, construction management is low financial risk from the construction management constructor ’ s point of view. the financial risk for the employer arising from the two procurement routes is also the same. |
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Advantages and disadvantages of public address (pa) system advantages a public address system gives you an immediate way to address everyone at a given location. even though it’s a more traditional form of communicating to large groups of people, it still offers advantages over modern formats. 1. public address systems easily cut through background noise: chatter, music, even loud local noises. 2. whatever the speaker’s voice, that effect of capturing attention is the same. having a good voice over loudspeaker is a bonus, but it isn’t crucial. this means that soft voices, shy voices, whatever it might be, will still come across to people as informational in nature. 3. you can text blast an area with a notification, but this tends to annoy customers, guests, and attendees. ıt also feels like a violation of privacy. many people maintain very private settings on their phones. this means they won’t even get the text, and if they do, they’ll feel angry that their mobile device has been used this way. 4. a public address system is relatively easy to maintain. the technology has become modernized and installation can be done with a minimal footprint. maintenance is straightforward, and someone can be trained to operate the system with ease. we even help you and your employees learn pa system training when we do our installations. we know pa system training on the front end will make sure you get the most out of your equipment. 5. communication is crucial to the success of any large organization. with the invention of email and cell phones we can be in constant contact with our employees throughout the day, making communication seamless. though they have been around for decades, pa or public address systems continue to play a vital role in communication. loud, busy areas such as train stations, department stores and schools continue to rely on pa systems to communicate effectively with both groups and individuals. 6. pa systems are perfect for locating individuals in a large group. ıf you need to find a specific individual such as one particular student or customer but are unsure where they might be in the building then making an announcement over the pa system is one of the most efficient ways to locate them and give them your message. disadvantages 1. easily lead to whistle, much volume on the microphone. 2. poor sense of sound. 3. system complexity, high cost. 4. line array speakers for outdoor large-scale performances and design, recently there is a small product is suitable for indoor. ıt is characterized by sharp directivity, each speaker only vertical radiation angle of 10 to 30 degrees and the angle of the speaker can be precisely adjusted, per journey times from attenuation to 3db. ıt is suitable for demanding large-scale multi-function hall meeting. 5. when two speakers equal distances greater than 17 meters, which is the sound reaches the ear time difference is greater than 50ms, the system must be added to "delay." otherwise it will produce a sense of reverberation, the sound could not hear. |
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22 different types of lathe machine operations 22 different types of lathe machine operations ıntroduction to lathe machine operation ın this article, you will learn about what are the different types of lathe machine operations performed on the lathe machine. lathe machine performs the different operations such as turning, facing, taper turning, knurling, grooving, parting off, electric turning, thread cutting, reaming etc. let’s discuss all lathe machine operations one by one as follows. to perform different lathe machine operations on a lathe, the workpiece may be supported and driven by any one of the following methods: workpiece held between centres and tool driven by carriers and catch plates. workpiece held on a mandrel which is supported between centres and driven by carriers and catch plates. held and driven by chuck with the other end supported on the tailstock centre. held and driven by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate. lathe machine operations the lathe machine operations are cla***ified into three main categories. lathe machine operations done either by holding the workpiece between centres or by a chuck are: turning plain or straight turning rough turning shoulder turning taper turning eccentric turning facing chamfering knurling thread cutting filing polis***ng grooving spinning spring winding forming lathe machine operations which are performed by holding the work by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate are: drilling reaming boring counterboring taper boring tapping undercutting ınternal thread cutting parting-off the operation which is performed by using special attachments are: grinding milling |
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Comparison between variable circuit breaker (acb, ocb, mocb,... acb (air circuit breaker) there are mainly two types of acb are available. plain air circuit breaker. air blast circuit breaker. some specific advantages: there is no chance of fire hazard caused by oil. the breaking speed of circuit breaker is much higher duringoperation of air blast circuit breaker. arc quenching is much faster duringoperation of air blast circuit breaker. the duration of arc is same for all values of small as well as high currents interruptions. as the duration of arc is smaller, so lesser amount of heat realized from arc to current carrying contacts hence the service life of the contacts becomes longer. the stability of the system can be well maintained as it depends on the speed of operation of circuit breaker. requires much less maintenance compared to oil circuit breaker. some specific disadvantages: ın order to have frequent operations, it is necessary to have sufficiently high capacity air compressor. frequent maintenance of compressor, a***ociated air pipes and automatic control equipment is also required. due to high speed current interruption there is always a chance of high rate of rise of re-striking voltage and current chopping. there also a chance of air pressure leakage from air pipes junctions. uses of air circuit breaker: ıt is used for protection of plants ıt is used for common protection of electrical machines ıt used for protection of transformers, capacitors and generators. air circuit breaker is also used in electricity sharing system and ngd about 15kv also used in low as well as high voltage and currents applications. vacuum circuit breaker or vcb advantages of vcb the vacuum interrupters have long life. unlike oil cb (ocb) or air blast cb (abcb), the explosion of vcb is avoided. this enhances the safety of the operating personnel. no fire hazard. the vacuum cb is fast in operation so ideal for fault clearing. vcb is suitable for repeated operation. vacuum circuit breakers are almost maintenance free. due to the rapid gain of dielectric strength of vacuum interrupter, the separation required between the moving contact from fixed contact is of the order of few millimetre. this makes the vcb compact. vcb is light weight. no exhaust of gas to the atmosphere. quiet operation. disadvantages of vcb the main disadvantage of vcb is that it is uneconomical for use of vcb at voltages exceeding 38 kv. the cost of the breaker becomes prohibitive at higher voltages. this is due to the fact that at high voltages (above 38 kv) more than two numbers of interrupters are required to be connected in series. advance technology is used for production of vacuum interrupters. sf6 circuit breaker sf6 circuit breakers advantages: excellent insulating, arc extinguis***ng, physical and chemical properties of sf6 gas is greater advantage of sf6circuit breakers the gas is non-inflammable and chemically stable. the decomposition products are non-explosive i.e, rhere is no risk of fire or explosion electrical clearances are very much reduced because of high dielectric strength of sf6 outdoor ehv sf6circuit breaker has less number of interrupters per pole in comparison to the air-blast circuit breaker and minimum oil breaker. outdoor sf6circuit breaker is simple, comparatively cheaper in cost, maintenance free and compact ıts performance is not affected due to variation in atmospheric conditions ıt gives noiseless operation it does not make sound like air-blast circuit breaker during operation no frequent contact replacement-arcing time is small owing to outstanding arc quenching properties of sf6 and therefore contact erosion is less. hence contacts do not suffer oxidation therefore is no reduction in dielectric strength of sf6since no carbon particle is formed during the arcing minimum maintenance. the breaker may require maintenance once in four to ten years the sealed construction avoids the contamination by moisture, dust, sand etc. no costly compressed air system is required as in the case of air blast circuit breaker same gas is re-circulated into the circuit thereby reducing the requirement of sf6gas. no over voltage problem. the arc is extinguished at natural current zero without the current chopping and a***ociated over-voltages originating across the circuit breaker terminals the sf6gas circuit breaker can perform various duties like clearing short line faults, opening unloaded transmission lines, capacitor switching, transformer reactor switching etc without any problem ample overload margin. for the same size of the conductors the current carrying capacity of the sf6 circuit breakers is about 1.5 times that of the air blast circuit breakers because superior heat transfer capability of the sf6gas sf6 circuit breaker diadvantages: ımperfect joints leading to leakage of the sf6gas. continuous monitoring devices are required sf6gas is suffocating to some extent. ın case of leakage in the breaker tank sf6 gas being heavier than the air settles in the surroundings and may lead to suffocation of the operating personnel. however it is not poisonous arced sf6gas is poisonous and should not be inhaled the internal parts need thorough cleaning during periodic maintenance under clean and dry environment. dust of teflon and sulphides should be removed special facilities are required for transportation of gas, transfer of gas an maintenance of quality of the gas. the deterioration of quality of gas affects the performance and hence reliability of the sf6circuit breaker oil circuit breaker (ocb) advantages of oil circuit breaker (ocb) as an arc extinguis***ng medium oil has the following advantages: 1. oil produces hydrogen during arching. the hydrogen helps extinguish the arc. 2. the oil provides insulation for the live exposed contacts from the earthed portions of the container 3. oil provides insulation between the contacts after the arc has been extinguished disadvantages of oil circuit breaker (ocb) 1. oil is inflammable and may cause fire hazards. when a defective circuit breaker fails under pressure, it may cause an explosion 2. the hydrogen generated during arcing, when combined with air, may form an explosive mixture 3. during arcing, oil decomposes and becomes polluted by carbon particles, which reduces its dielectric strength. hence, it requires periodic maintenance and replacement. |
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What is radiator? ıt’s working principle and types of radi... what is radiator? ıt’s working principle and types of radiator radiator and types of radiator today we’ll discuss the cooling system of your vehicle and how it works, the cooling system in your vehicle consists of the water pump, radiator, cooling fans as well as thermostat. ın this article, we’ll discuss radiators, radiator types and radiator working. what is the radiator? the radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. a radiator is a device consisting of a large amount of cooling surface which contains large amounts of air so that it spreads through the water to cool efficiently. the radiator has a wide range of application in automobile industries there are mainly used to cool the internal combustion engine in the automobile. they also used in piston-engined aircraft, railway, locomotives, motorcycles, stationary generating plants and other places where such engines are used. radiators are cla***ified according to the direction of the water flow through them. ın some, the water flows from top to bottom-down flow type radiator. ın other, the water flows horizontally from an input tank on one side to another tank on the other side-cross flow type radiator. radiators are usually made of copper and bra*** because of their high heat conductivity. the various sections of the radiators are almost completely joined by soldering. types of radiator there are two basic types of radiator tubular type cellular type tubular type core ın tubular type core, the upper and lower tanks are connected by a series of tubes through which water pa***es. fins are placed around the tubes to improve heat transfer. air pa***es around the outside of the tubes, between the fins, absorbing heat from the water in pa***ing. ın a tubular radiator, because the water pa***es through all the tubes, if one tube becomes clogged, the cooling effect of the entire tube is lost. ın a cellular. radiator, the clogging of any pa***age results in a loss but of a small part of the total cooling surface. cellular type core ın cellular type core, air pa***es through the tubes and the water flows in the spaces between them. the core is composed of a large number of individual air cells which are surrounded by water. because of its appearance, the cellular type usually is known as a honeycomb radiator, especially when the cells in front are hexagonal in form. ın a cellular. radiator, the clogging of any pa***age results in a loss but of a small part of the total cooling surface. construction of radiator ıt consists of an upper tank and a lower tank and between them a core. the upper tank is connected to the water outlet or outlets from the engine jacket by a hose pipe, and the lower tank is connected to the jacket inlet through the water pump. the core is a radiating element, which cools the water. radiator working principle radiator working principle: the radiator is a pretty simple device. nowadays most modern cars use aluminium radiator. radiators usually have a tank on each side, and inside the tank is a transmission cooler. n this type of radiator, you’re going to have an aluminium mesh. ın this aluminium device, ıt consists of two ports inlet an outlet. ınside the radiator, there are tubes that mounted in a parallel arrangement. and the aluminium fins are attached to all of the tubes. the radiator working is very simple. ın radiator, the coolant flows from the inlet to the outlet through many tubes mounted in a parallel arrangement. the hot water enters the radiator through the inlet port. and a fan is attached on behind the radiator to cool down the hot water in the tubes. the fan blows the air and cools down the water. so the water is going to come out cooler than it entered before and then go back to the engine. now how it does that air is going to be feeding through this. the aluminium fins are attached to the tubes this called tubulator. now the tubes are filled with hot coolant coming from the engine. so they’re going to give off heat to this aluminium coat by pa***ing air through the fan, it cools the aluminium coat. ıf the fluid flowed very smoothly through the tubes, only the fluid actually touching the tubes would be cooled directly. now it is going to send out to the cooler and then go back to the engine. |
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Tubular type core |
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Cellular type core |
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.بحث في تصميم المدارس .بحث في تصميم المدارس |
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A specifier’s guide to access control systems from bsıa a specifier’s guide to access control systems from bsıa |
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دورة إدارة المشاريع الاحترافية Ù... تقديم المستشار: سعود مطلق السهلي |
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